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+===== Babylonian Astronomy =====
+==== Introduction ====
+Within the Babylonian tradition of astronomy there have been two genres of texts: There are mathematical astronomy texts, which mostly consist of tables recording or calculating various statistics about the behavior of heavenly bodies. These texts themselves do not deal with the interpretation or prognostication of the events they record. The second type of document is the 'non-mathematical' astronomy text, which are mostly omens? involving astronomical events.
+List of topics:
+  - Basic terms and concepts
+  - Mathematical Astronomy
+       * [[Lunar Ephemerides]]
+       * [[Plantary Ephemerides]]
+       * [[Applications to Chronology]]
+  - Non-mathematical Astronomy
+==== Basic terms and concepts ====
 ==== Metrological Units ====
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-== Lunal ephemerides ==
-The most commonly recorded observations of the Seleucid Period were the appearances of the new moon and full moon (during which we say the moon and sun are in conjunction and opposition, respectively). These sightings determined the lengths of the months. In addition, several other statistics were measured such as the velocity, longitude, and latitude of the moon at time of syzygy, and the length of daylight on that day. Such data was used to predict solar and lunar eclipses whose occurrence held deep significance in ancient Mesopotamian cultures.
-In Neugebauer's system of classification, there are two methods of computing ephemerides, which he names System A and System B.
-System A
-In this scheme the sun is presumed to move at one of two constant speeds on different arcs of the ecliptic. From 13 degrees Virgo to 27 degrees Pisces the sun is presumed to move one whole zodiac sign (30 degrees) in a month. For the rest of the year it moves slightly slower, namely 28;7,30 degrees per month.
-== Layout of a tablet ==
-By way of illustration, the contents of ACT 5 will be explained column by column. The labels of the columns follow Neugebauer's notation.
-{{:neugebauer_example_no_5.jpg?625|}}
-== Column 0 (T) ==
-The first column on the left side of the obverse gives the year and the months within, each one of which records a syzygy. Neugebauer calls this Column T. Here the records begin with year 146 of the Seleucid period, which began in 311 BC. Thus the year is 166 BC. The first month is Nisan, or April. Note the addition of an intercalary month at the end of 164 BC, in Rev. 19.
-== Column I ==
-== Column II (B) ==
-This column records the longitude of the moon at the time of the new moon, measured relative to the ecliptic. These values are calculated sequentially based on the measurement of an initial value. The numbers on the left hand side are the degrees within the zodiac sign on the right.
-Neugebauer has drawn up the table so that the two periods of the year with different velocities of the sun are separated by dashed lines. At a new moon the longitude of the moon at syzygy equals the longitude of the sun when it sets on the horizon. Thus the values of column III, which record the progress of the moon through the zodiac, also measure the movement of the sun. For example in obv. 6-12 the difference in successive entries is one whole zodiac sign, i.e. 30 degrees. In the next interval obv. 13-18 the differences of successive entries is 28;7,30 degrees. The change between the two months at the boundaries is an interpolated value between the two velocities.
-== Column III (C) ==
-This column provides the length of daylight on the day of the given observation. In Neugebauer's rendering of the tablet the units are expressed as large-hours (that is, the largest number on the left denotes integral multiples of a large hour, the next to the right represents 1/60's of a large hour, then 1/3600's of a large hour, etc). Thus e.g. in obv. 13 the length of daylight is (3 + 4x1/60 + 32x1/3600 + 30x1/216000)x4 = 12.3016664 hours, or approximately 12 hours 18 minutes and 6 seconds. On the tablet, the quantities are expressed as usz, or degrees.
-The entries for this column were calculated based on a trigonometric formula dependent on the latitude of the observer and the part of the ecliptic that the sun is in at that time, i.e. the time of the year. Rather than measuring their latitude directly, however, the Babylonians, used the ratio between the length of the longest day of the year (at the summer solstice) to that of the shortest day (at the winter solstice), which is a parameter giving the same information as latitude. At Babylon the ratio was approximated by 3:2.
-For the increments in daylight based on the sun's position λ along the ecliptic, calculations were made starting from 10 degrees into the sign of Aries (or hun is Sumerian) whose beginning point marks the vernal equinox where the daylight equals 12 hours, and from then on in increments of 30 degrees.
-^ λ ^ Length of daylight (in hours)^
-| Aries/hun 10°  | 12;00 |
-| Taurus/mul 10° | 13;20 |
-| Gemini/masz 10° | 14;08|
-| Cancer/kuszu 10° | 14;24|
-| Leo/ura 10°  | 14;08 |
-| Virgo/apsin | 13;20 |
-| Libra/rin2 | 12;00 |
-| Scorpius/gir-tab| 10;40 |
-| Sagittarius/pabilsag | 9:52|
-| Capricorn/masz2 | 9;36 |
-| Aquarius/gula | 9;52 |
-| Pisces/zibme | 10;40 |
-(table from Neugebauer 1975, pg. 370)
-Within these increments linear interpolation was used. Thus is the example text, the value in obv. 13 II is between hun 10° and mul 10°. The daylight increment over this interval of 30° is 1;20 hours, or 20°. Hence the daylight increment of 6;48,45° past hun 10° is 2/3 x 6;48,45° = 4;32,30, which is what is indicated in row 13, column III.
-== Column IV (E) ==
-This column gives the latitude of the moon (more specifically its center) relative to the ecliptic, at the time of observation. It is measured in barleycorns (sze). For example, in obv. 1, the value is 3,12;8,39, or (3x60+12+8/60+39/3600) ≈ 192.1343 sze. Since 72 sze = 1°, this quantity is approximately 2.669°. The moon's latitude oscillates between about ±6° from the ecliptic through the year, a phenomenon which arises because the orbit of the moon is at a slight tilt relative to the plane of the earth and sun. An eclipse can occur only when the value of column E is approximately 0, i.e. when the moon's orbit intersects the plane of the earth and sun at exactly two times each year. Furthermore, due to precession in the moon's orbit, these points of intersection (called 'nodes') themselves vary along the moon's orbit across a number of years. This irregularity is the reason why a lunar eclipse does not occur every month during the full moon.
-Example on calculating latitude???
-== Column V (Ψ) ==
-This column measures the magnitude of the eclipse at the time of the recorded syzygy (full or new moon).
-????
-== Column VI (F) ==
-This gives the velocity of the moon around the time of measurement, expressed in degrees per day. The fact that these values fluctuate due to perturbation factors such as the effect of the sun's gravity on the moon during its orbit, and the fact that the moon does not exactly orbit the earth in a circle. Because of this variation, the lunar months can vary in length.
-== Column VII (G) ==
-This column gives a first approximation to the length of the lunar month in which the observation was made. It is measured in terms of the deficiency from the average length (29 days), marked by the LAL sign. Neubegauer expresses the units in fractional large hours. E.g. in obv. 2 the length of the month Nisan was 29 days minus 0;57,03,45 large hours, or approximately 3 hours, 48 minutes, and 14 seconds.