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chronology [2015/10/23 17:20]
127.0.0.1 external edit |
chronology [2017/05/02 21:06]
dahl [Modern chronological models] |
| ==== Ancient chronological methods ==== | ==== Ancient chronological methods ==== |
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| Trois systèmes différents ont été utilisés par les scribes mésopotamiens pour dater les documents administratifs:\\ | Beginning in the Early Dynastic period ca. 2400 BC, Babylonian scribes began to qualify administrative and legal texts with notations clearly identifiable as date notations, consisting of all of some of the categories Ruler, Year of rule, Month of year, Day of month. From the Late Uruk period of the latter third of the 4th millennium BC on, these calendars combined knowledge of solar and lunar cycles to achieve an ideal administrative year of 360 days divided into 12 months of 30 days each. The cultic calender evidently was based on the lunar cycle of ca. 29.5 days for each month, and therefore a lunar year of ca. 354 days and thus the need for intercalation of extra months on average every three years. These dates are currently entered to CDLI catalogue in the form RN.Y.M.D (Royal name is spelled in full with conventional English designations), with “--” for lost information, “00” when information was not given by the scribe. Month intercalation were designationed by scribes with "min," “the second,” or "diri," “extra.”\\ |
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| | For defining the year and during the three millennia of Mesopotamian history, scribes used three different systems \\ |
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| **1) Les noms d'année**\\ | **1) Year names**\\ |
| Il s'agit d'un système d'attribution d'un "nom" à l'année en cours, faisant référence à un événement officiel de l'année précédente (victoire militaire, fondation pieuse, etc.). Ce procédé s'est généralisé aux époques akkadienne, d'Ur III et paléo-babylonienne.\\ | This system attributes a “name” to the current year, making reference to an official event of the previous year (e.g., a military victory, the foundation of a religious establishment, etc.). This method was common during the Old Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods.\\ |
| * [[Year names]]\\ | * [[Year names]]\\ |
| | * [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/yn_index.html|Year Names from Akkad to Babylon I ("Sigrist/Damerow" List)]] |
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| **2) Les éponymes**\\ | **2) Eponyms**\\ |
| Il s'agit d'un système d'attribution à l'année en cours du nom d'un dignitaire occupant la fonction de //limmu//; cet éponyme donnait son nom à l'année en question. Ce procédé, en usage dès l'époque ED IIIa à Shuruppak a surtout été utilisé pendant plus de mille ans à toutes les étapes de l'histoire de l'Assyrie; les listes de //limmu// (ou d'éponymes), tenues à jour, permettaient de suivre la séquence des années.\\ | This system attributes the name of a "//limmu//” officer to the current year; this eponym, annually appointed, gives his name to the year in question. This method was the predominant system used in Assyria for more than a thousand years.\\ |
| * [[Assyrian Eponyms (limmu)|Eponym lists]]\\ | * [[Assyrian Eponyms (limmu)|Eponym lists]]\\ |
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| **3) Le comput des années**\\ | **3) The counting of years**\\ |
| Le système du décompte des années de règne d'un souverain a commencé à être utilisé à l'époque ED IIIb à Lagash et il est devenu la norme en Babylonie à partir du milieu du IIe millénaire BC jusqu'à l'époque séleucide. On peut y ajouter le système similaire qui a été utilisé pour compter les années appartenant aux ères séleucide et parthe.\\ | This system, counting the years of the reign of a sovereign, first began to be used during the ED IIIb period at Lagash and it became the norm in Babylonia from the middle of the second millennium BC until the Seleucid period. A similar system was used to count the years of the Seleucid era.\\ |
| * [[Year numbers]]\\ | * [[Year numbers]]\\ |
| * [[Eras|Seleucid era]]\\ | * [[Eras|Seleucid era]]\\ |
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| Étaient d'autre part tenues à jour certaines listes de règnes, de rois et de généalogies, alors qu'un système particulier de structuration narrative et chronologique dénommé //palû// est attesté dans les inscriptions assyriennes.\\ | Other systems were maintained as well. These include lists of the reigns of kings and their genealogies, and a system structured around narrative and chronology, called //palû//, that was attested in Assyrian inscriptions.\\ |
| * [[King-lists & Genealogies]]\\ | * [[King-lists & Genealogies]]\\ |
| * [[les_notions_de_palu_et_de_girru|Assyrian palû]]\\ | * [[les_notions_de_palu_et_de_girru|Assyrian palû]]\\ |
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| ==== Modern chronological models ==== | ==== Modern chronological models ==== |
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| | * [[Adopted periodisation in CDLI|Chronological periodisation in CDLI]]\\ |
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| * [[Archeometry (14C, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence, etc.)|Scientific Methods (14C, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence)]] | * [[Archeometry (14C, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence, etc.)|Scientific Methods (14C, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence)]] |
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| * Astronomical observations\\ | * [[Astronomical observations]]\\ |
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| * Synchronisms\\ | * [[Synchronisms]]\\ |
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| | * [[Distanzangaben]] (statements of time-spans)\\ |
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| * [[High-middle-low-ultralow "absolute" chronologies]]\\ | * [[High-middle-low-ultralow "absolute" chronologies]]\\ |
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| * [[Adopted periodisation in CDLI|Chronological periodisation in CDLI]]\\ | |
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| * [[Archaeological periodisation (with links to other projects, i.e. ARCANE)]]\\ | * [[Archaeological periodisation (with links to other projects, i.e. ARCANE)]]\\ |
| ==== Calendars and month names. Seasonal and cultic calendars ==== | ==== Calendars and month names. Seasonal and cultic calendars ==== |
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| Le mois lunaire (ITI en sumérien, //warhu// en akkadien) est défini comme l'intervalle de temps écoulé entre deux apparitions successives de la première lune. Le mois commence le soir où le nouveau croissant lunaire réapparaît pour la première fois sur l'horizon ouest juste après le coucher du soleil. Le mois lunaire comporte 29 ou 30 jours, 30 étant le nombre symbolisant le dieu-Lune. Néanmoins, l'observation de la réapparition du premier croissant n'allant pas de soi, le découpage des mois en 29 ou 30 jours est resté empirique jusqu'au Ier millénaire où des calculs basés sur des tables d'éphémérides tenant compte des différents facteurs de visibilité de la lune ont permis de fixer le début du mois. \\ | The lunar month (iti in Sumerian, //warḫu//(//m//) in Akkadian) is defined as the interval of time between two successive apparitions of the first moon. The month begins the evening that the new crescent moon reappears for the first time on the Western horizon just after the setting of the sun. The lunar month consists of 29.53 days, 30 being the number symbolising the moon god. Although it was not always possible to observe the reappearance of the new crescent, the division of the month into 29 or 30 days remained empirical until the first millennium, when the calculations based on the ephemeral tables that took into account the different factors of visibility of the moon allowed the beginning of the month to be fixed. \\ |
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| == Early Dynastic Calendars == | == Early Dynastic Calendars == |
| * [[The Old Assyrian calendar]] | * [[The Old Assyrian calendar]] |
| * [[Local calendars]] | * [[Local calendars]] |
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