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[[Old Assyrian Marriage Documents]]
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old_assyrian [2017/04/27 20:18] – created gombertold_assyrian [2017/04/27 21:40] (current) – [Bibliography] cmichel
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 ====== Old Assyrian Marriage Documents ====== ====== Old Assyrian Marriage Documents ======
  
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 ===== Introduction ===== ===== Introduction =====
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 The written agreement was made between the father or the parents of the young woman and the young man, or sometimes the family of the latter. According to the terminology, the girl was given (//tadānum//) in marriage by her family, or in some cases, the man took her (//ahāzum//) as wife. The exchange of gifts is usually not mentioned in the contracts. The bride gift paid by the groom to his in-laws was called //šīmum//, ‘price’; it was paid over at the occasion of the wedding. The husband could also make a gift to his wife (//iddinū//). Some marriage contracts include a penalty in case of divorce. The written agreement was made between the father or the parents of the young woman and the young man, or sometimes the family of the latter. According to the terminology, the girl was given (//tadānum//) in marriage by her family, or in some cases, the man took her (//ahāzum//) as wife. The exchange of gifts is usually not mentioned in the contracts. The bride gift paid by the groom to his in-laws was called //šīmum//, ‘price’; it was paid over at the occasion of the wedding. The husband could also make a gift to his wife (//iddinū//). Some marriage contracts include a penalty in case of divorce.
  
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 ==== Sample Text ==== ==== Sample Text ====
  
-Kt v/k 147+Kt v/k 147\\ 
 +{{:oakkmarr.png?580x527|Marriage contract, Kt v/k 147. Photo: C. Michel. ©Kültepe Archaeological Mission.}}
  
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-__{{Marriage%20contract%20OA_CMichel_May%202017_fichiers:image002.png?580x527}}____ __ 
  
-Marriage contract, Kt v/k 147. Photo: C. Michel. ©Kültepe Archaeological Mission. 
  
-__ __+|    Envelope                                                                                                       ||| 
 +| Ob. 1            | (seal A)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 2                | kišib //Nu-ú-nu// dumu //E-ki-a//                         | Sealed by Nūnu, son of Ekia,         | 
 +| 3                | kišib [//A-l//]//á-hi-im// kišib //A-ta//                 | sealed by Ali-ahum, sealed by Ata,   | 
 +| 4                | ki[šib //T//]//ù-tù-pì-a-lá// kišib                       | sealed by Tutupiala, sealed by       | 
 +| 5                | //A-šùr//-gal dumu //A-ta-tí-a//                          | Aššur-rabi, son of Atatia,           | 
 +| 6                | kišib //Ga-lu-a// dumu //A-kà-áb-ší//                     | sealed by Galua, son of Akabši.      | 
 +| 7                | (seal B)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 8                | (seal B) //Ga-lu-a// dumu [//A-k//]//à-//[//á//]//b-ší//  | Galua, son of Akabši,                | 
 +| lo.e. 9          | (seal B)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 10               | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// dumu-munus                             | Tamnanika, daughter of               | 
 +| rev. 11          | (seal C)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 12               | //Šu-be-lim// //e-hu-uz// : //šu-ma//                     | Šū-Bēlum, he married. If             | 
 +| 13               | //Ga-lu-a// : //e-zi-ib-ší//                              | Galua divorces her,                  | 
 +| 14               | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar : //i-ša-qal//                      | he shall pay 2 minas of silver.      | 
 +| 15               | //lam-nì-iš// : //ú-lá e-zi-ib-ší//                       | -- he shall not leave her badly --,  | 
 +| 16               | //ù šu-ma// : //Ta-am-na-ni-kà//                          | and if Tamnanika                     | 
 +| 17               | //te-zi-ib-šu//<sup>!</sup> (ŠÍ)                          | divorces him                         | 
 +| 18               | (seal D)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 19               | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar                                     | 2 minas of silver                    | 
 +| u.e. 20          | (seal A)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| 21               | //ta-ša//-[//qal//]                                       | she shall pay                        | 
 +| le.e. 22         | (seal D)                                                  |                                      | 
 +| r.e. 23          | (seal C)                                                  |                                      | 
 +|    //Tablet//                                                                                                     ||| 
 +| Ob. 1            | //Ga-lu-a// dumu //A-kà-áb-ší//                           | Galua, son of Akabši,                | 
 +| 2                | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// dumu-munus                             | Tamnanika, daughter of               | 
 +| 3                | //Šu-be-lim// : //e-hu-uz//                               | Šū-Bēlum, he married.                | 
 +| 4                | //šu-ma// : //Ga-lu-a// : //e-zi-ib-/ší//                 | If Galua divorces her,               | 
 +| 5                | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar                                     | 2 minas of silver                    | 
 +| 6                | //i-ša-qal// : //ù šu-ma//                                | he shall pay, and if                 | 
 +| 7                | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà//                                        | Tamnanika                            | 
 +| 8                | //te-zi-ib-šu//<sup>!</sup> (ŠÍ)                          | divorces him,                        | 
 +| 9                | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar                                     | 2 minas of silver                    | 
 +| 10               | //ta-ša-qal//                                             | she shall pay.                       | 
 +| rev. 11          | igi //Nu-ú-nu// : igi                                     | In the presence of Nūnu, of          | 
 +| 12               | //A-ta// : igi //A-šùr-//gal                              | Ata, of Aššur-rabi,                  | 
 +| 13               | igi //A-la-hi-im lam-ni-ìš//                              | of Ali-ahum. Badly                   | 
 +| 14               | //ú-lá e-pá-ší//                                          | he shall not treat her               |
  
-|   | Envelope |   | 
-| Ob. 1 | (seal A) |   | 
-| 2 | kišib //Nu-ú-nu// dumu //E-ki-a// | Sealed by Nūnu, son of Ekia, | 
-| 3 | kišib [//A-l//]//á-hi-im// kišib //A-ta// | sealed by Ali-ahum, sealed by Ata, | 
-| 4 | ki[šib //T//]//ù-tù-pì-a-lá// kišib | sealed by Tutupiala, sealed by | 
-| 5 | //A-šùr//-gal dumu //A-ta-tí-a// | Aššur-rabi, son of Atatia, | 
-| 6 | kišib //Ga-lu-a// dumu //A-kà-áb-ší// | sealed by Galua, son of Akabši. | 
-| 7 | (seal B) |   | 
-| 8 | (seal B) //Ga-lu-a// dumu [//A-k//]//à-//[//á//]//b-ší// | Galua, son of Akabši, | 
-| lo.e. 9 | (seal B) |   | 
-| 10 | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// dumu-munus | Tamnanika, daughter of | 
-| rev. 11 | (seal C) |   | 
-| 12 | //Šu-be-lim// //e-hu-uz// : //šu-ma// | Šū-Bēlum, he married. If | 
-| 13 | //Ga-lu-a// : //e-zi-ib-ší// | Galua divorces her, | 
-| 14 | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar : //i-ša-qal// | he shall pay 2 minas of silver. | 
-| 15 | //lam-nì-iš// : //ú-lá e-zi-ib-ší// | -- he shall not leave her badly --, | 
-| 16 | //ù šu-ma// : //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// | and if Tamnanika | 
-| 17 | //te-zi-ib-šu//<sup>!</sup> (ŠÍ) | divorces him | 
-| 18 | (seal D) |   | 
-| 19 | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar | 2 minas of silver | 
-| u.e. 20 | (seal A) |   | 
-| 21 | //ta-ša//-[//qal//] | she shall pay | 
-| le.e. 22 | (seal D) |   | 
-| r.e. 23 | (seal C) |   | 
-|   | //Tablet// |   | 
-| Ob. 1 | //Ga-lu-a// dumu //A-kà-áb-ší// | Galua, son of Akabši, | 
-| 2 | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// dumu-munus | Tamnanika, daughter of | 
-| 3 | //Šu-be-lim// : //e-hu-uz// | Šū-Bēlum, he married. | 
-| 4 | //šu-ma// : //Ga-lu-a// : //e-zi-ib-/ší// | If Galua divorces her, | 
-| 5 | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar | 2 minas of silver | 
-| 6 | //i-ša-qal// : //ù šu-ma// | he shall pay, and if | 
-| 7 | //Ta-am-na-ni-kà// | Tamnanika | 
-| 8 | //te-zi-ib-šu//<sup>!</sup> (ŠÍ) | divorces him, | 
-| 9 | 2 //ma-na// kù-babbar | 2 minas of silver | 
-| 10 | //ta-ša-qal// | she shall pay. | 
-| rev. 11 | igi //Nu-ú-nu// : igi | In the presence of Nūnu, of | 
-| 12 | //A-ta// : igi //A-šùr-//gal | Ata, of Aššur-rabi, | 
-| 13 | igi //A-la-hi-im lam-ni-ìš// | of Ali-ahum. Badly | 
-| 14 | //ú-lá e-pá-ší// | he shall not treat her | 
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 This text is published by Donbaz 2003. It is edited and photos are published by Michel 2010b. It is also edited by Kienast 2015, no. 10 and Michel to appear no. 17. This text is published by Donbaz 2003. It is edited and photos are published by Michel 2010b. It is also edited by Kienast 2015, no. 10 and Michel to appear no. 17.
  
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 ===== A specific arrangement for Assyrian merchants ===== ===== A specific arrangement for Assyrian merchants =====
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 A specific arrangement for the Assyrian merchants who were absent from Aššur for long periods, permitted them to take a second wife in Anatolia. This second marriage was possible only by observing two fundamental rules: an Assyrian merchant could not have two wives of the same status (//aššutum//, main wife, //amtum//, secondary wife) and he could not have two wives in the same place (Aššur, Anatolia). Both Assyrian and Anatolian women could be //aššutum// or //amtum// and letters seem to give the same rights to both wives. The merchant could never live with his both wives simultaneously.  These peculiar circumstances obliged married women to run their households alone during certain periods of their lives. The Assyrian wife lived at Aššur and remained there, together with her younger children, during her husband’s career in Anatolia, whereas the Anatolian wife lived with her husband but found herself alone when he retired and moved back to Aššur. A specific arrangement for the Assyrian merchants who were absent from Aššur for long periods, permitted them to take a second wife in Anatolia. This second marriage was possible only by observing two fundamental rules: an Assyrian merchant could not have two wives of the same status (//aššutum//, main wife, //amtum//, secondary wife) and he could not have two wives in the same place (Aššur, Anatolia). Both Assyrian and Anatolian women could be //aššutum// or //amtum// and letters seem to give the same rights to both wives. The merchant could never live with his both wives simultaneously.  These peculiar circumstances obliged married women to run their households alone during certain periods of their lives. The Assyrian wife lived at Aššur and remained there, together with her younger children, during her husband’s career in Anatolia, whereas the Anatolian wife lived with her husband but found herself alone when he retired and moved back to Aššur.
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 ==== Sample Text ==== ==== Sample Text ====
  
 Kt 94/k 149 Kt 94/k 149
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 | Ob.1. | //A-šùr-ma-lik// | Aššur-malik | | Ob.1. | //A-šùr-ma-lik// | Aššur-malik |
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 | le.e. 24 | igi //A-lá-hi-im// | In the presence of Ali-ahum, | | le.e. 24 | igi //A-lá-hi-im// | In the presence of Ali-ahum, |
 | 25 | igi //Ú-zu-a// | of Uzua. | | 25 | igi //Ú-zu-a// | of Uzua. |
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 The marriage with Suhkana takes place in Anatolia, but the groom is already bound by a marriage promise to the daughter of Dada in Aššur. Ultimately, he will have two wives. He is forbidded to marry another woman in Anatolia. The marriage with Suhkana takes place in Anatolia, but the groom is already bound by a marriage promise to the daughter of Dada in Aššur. Ultimately, he will have two wives. He is forbidded to marry another woman in Anatolia.
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 Matouš L. 1973. Beiträge zum Eherecht der anatolischen, Bevölkerung im 2. Jhts v.u.Z, //ArOr// 41, p. 309-318. Matouš L. 1973. Beiträge zum Eherecht der anatolischen, Bevölkerung im 2. Jhts v.u.Z, //ArOr// 41, p. 309-318.
  
-Michel C. 1997. Les malheurs de Kunnanīya, femme de marchand, //Archivum Anatolicum// 3, p. 239-253.+Michel C. 1997. Les malheurs de Kunnanīya, femme de marchand, //Archivum Anatolicum// 3, p. 239-253. [[http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00821270]]
  
-Michel C. 2006. Bigamie chez les Assyriens du début du II<sup>e</sup> millénaire », //Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger// 84, p. 155-176.+Michel C. 2006. Bigamie chez les Assyriens du début du II<sup>e</sup> millénaire », //Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger// 84, p. 155-176. [[http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00201794/en/]]
  
-Michel C. 2008. Les Assyriens et leurs femmes anatoliennes, //in// J. G. Dercksen (ed.), //Anatolia and the Jazira during the Old Assyrian Period//, OAAS 3, PIHANS 111, Leiden, p. 209-229.+Michel C. 2008. Les Assyriens et leurs femmes anatoliennes, //in// J. G. Dercksen (ed.), //Anatolia and the Jazira during the Old Assyrian Period//, OAAS 3, PIHANS 111, Leiden, p. 209-229. [[http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00667570]]
  
-Michel C. 2010a. Women of Aššur and Kaniš, //in// F. Kulakoğlu & S. Kangal (eds.), //Anatolia’s Prologue Kültepe Kanesh Karum. Assyrians in Istanbul//, Istanbul, p. 124-133.+Michel C. 2010a. Women of Aššur and Kaniš, //in// F. Kulakoğlu & S. Kangal (eds.), //Anatolia’s Prologue Kültepe Kanesh Karum. Assyrians in Istanbul//, Istanbul, p. 124-133. [[http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00781412]]
  
-Michel 2010b. Presentation of an Old Assyrian Document, //in// F. Kulakoğlu & S. Kangal (ed.), //Anatolia’s Prologue Kültepe Kanesh Karum. Assyrians in Istanbul//, Kayseri, p. 98-99.+Michel 2010b. Presentation of an Old Assyrian Document, //in// F. Kulakoğlu & S. Kangal (ed.), //Anatolia’s Prologue Kültepe Kanesh Karum. Assyrians in Istanbul//, Kayseri, p. 98-99. [[http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00781413]]
  
 Michel C. To appear. //Women from Aššur and Kaniš according to the private archives of the Assyrian merchants at beginning of the IInd millennium B.C//., Writings from the Ancient World, SBL, Baltimore Michel C. To appear. //Women from Aššur and Kaniš according to the private archives of the Assyrian merchants at beginning of the IInd millennium B.C//., Writings from the Ancient World, SBL, Baltimore
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 Page prepared by Cécile Michel Page prepared by Cécile Michel
  
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