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 ====== Akkadian School Texts ====== ====== Akkadian School Texts ======
-<p><b><font size="+2">Lexical Lists and the +===== Introduction ===== 
-Mesopotamian SchoolSelected Bibliography</font></b></p> + 
-<p>(source: &lt;http://cuneiform.ucla.edu/dcclt/lex_bib.html&gt;)  +**The Eduba Curriculum:** 
-</p> + 
-<p><b>1. Introductions to the Lexical Tradition</b></p> +The scribal school curriculum was divided into two phases of education, basic and advanced. A scribal apprentice would begin his training at a very young age in early childhood (5-7 years old). Only wealthy or elite families had the means to send their children to school. There is evidence of young girls being educated as scribes but the majority of students were young boys.  
-<p><b>1.1 General</b></p>+ 
 +At school the students first learned how to form the different types of tablets required for various documents. A student would learn to form the primary rectangular tablet and practice dividing it into columns and lines. For shorter exercises, small round tablets could be made to fit in the palm of his hand. The prism is a more complex form that has 4-6 sides and has a stick in its center along the vertical axis to allow for easy rotation. 
 + 
 +Many of the school tablets were reused in several ways. Often students erased their work in order to write over it again and again. This would save them the trouble of creating numerous small tablets for one exercise. Some tablets have also been found incorporated into the structure of buildings as bricks. In some instances this has served to protect the tablets enabling them to endure to present day. 
 + 
 +The dubsar apprentice spent their days practicing their writing and memorizing lessons. Niek Veldhuis, an expert on Mesopotamian scribal education, identifies four patterns of learning in the eduba: 
 +1. Writing techniques 
 +2. Sumerian nouns 
 +3. Sign lists and mathematics 
 +4. Sumerian language (learned through literature) 
 +The young scribe began his education by learning to write simple, individual signs based off of Syllable Alphabet A or B (single sign lists). Next he moved onto the TU-TA-TI list where signs are grouped phonetically by their first phoneme, alternating the vowels: u,a,i (ex. mu-ma-mi, gu-ga-gi). After the basic signs had been acquired the scribe began writing lists of personal names to practice short Sumerian constructions. This completed the elementary exercises. Then the scribe would move onto the simple set of lexical lists (known as the hur-ra = hubullu lexical lists), where he wrote out semantically grouped vocabulary for types of trees, metals, animals, stones, plants, clothing, geography and foodstuffs. Upon successful completion of this corpus, the young dubsar would be given more advanced lexical lists to copy and memorize (e.g. acrographic, bilingual or compound sign lists). In fact, committing to memory the scribal exercises was an integral part of their education. There is no evidence that the teacher had his own copy of texts or exercises, therefore most scholars believe instruction was given orally since the teachers had committed the lessons to memory (as a product of their own scribal education). 
 + 
 +To this would be added training in mathematics, including simple arithmetic, metrology, algebra, geometry and some trigonometry. Scribes were responsible not only for writing but for calculating quantities and surveying fields. Given the emphasis upon administrative and economic documents in Mesopotamia, training in mathematics was paramount. 
 + 
 +As the final step in the basic phase of training was instruction in writing contracts and other business documents. Scribes were used in a variety of ways by businessmen including drafting letters and contracts. The average Mesopotamian was illiterate and relied on a scribe to write and read all of their correspondences. Many wealthy households employed their own scribe. The palaces of Mesopotamia kept large numbers of scribes for all of their daily communication needs. 
 + 
 +The study of proverbs linked the basic training to the advanced curriculum. It exposed the scribe to literary forms and language preparing them for the demands of such complex texts. However, not all scribes continued onto the advanced training in literature. Scribes were able to specialize in a particular field, such as legal affairs, field surveying, palace administration, or domestic affairs. Such employment would not require the knowledge of epics and hymns. 
 + 
 +For those who continued their training there was a rigid outline of literature that Steve Tinney has divided into two categoriesthe Tetrad and the Decad. These are groups of four and ten literary pieces that were standard practice in edubas. The divisions, though, do not adhere to modern standards. The categories include both hymns and epics with no apparent method of categorization apparent to the modern reader. To the Tetrad and Decad were added 14 lesser texts, practiced to varying degrees at different edubas. 
 + 
 +==== Bibliography ==== 
 + 
 +  * Black, Jeremy, Graham Cunningham, Eleanor Robson, and Gabor Zolyomi, trans. //The Literature of Ancient Sumer//. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 
 + 
 +  * Robson, Eleanor. “The Tablet House: A Scribal School in Old Babylonian Nippur.” //Revue d’Assyriologie et D’Archeologie Orientale// 95:1 (2001): 39-66. 
 + 
 +  * Sjober, A.W. “The Old Babylonian Eduba.” In //Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on this 70th Birthday// (AS 20). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975. 
 + 
 +  * Vanstiphout, H. L. J. “How Did They Learn Sumerian?” //Journal of Cuneiform Studies//, 31:2 (Apr., 1979): 118-126. 
 + 
 +  * Veldhuis, Niek. “Elementary Education at Nippur: The Lists of Trees and Wooden Objects.” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Groningen, 1997). 
 + 
 +  * Wilson, Mark. Education in the Earliest Schools: Cuneiform Manuscripts in the Cotsen Collection. Los Angeles: Cotsen Occasional Press, 2008. 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Texts ===== 
 + 
 +**Lexical Lists and the Mesopotamian School: Selected Bibliography** 
 +(source: [[http://cuneiform.ucla.edu/dcclt/lex_bib.html|click here]])  
 + 
 +**1. Introductions to the Lexical Tradition** 
 +**1.1 General**
 Cavigneaux, Antoine  Cavigneaux, Antoine 
 1983 1983
-&#8220;Lexikalische Listen.&#8221; <i>Reallexikon der +Lexikalische Listen <i>Reallexikon der 
-Assyriologie</i> 6, 609-641.+Assyriologie/6, 609-641.\\
  
 Civil, Miguel  Civil, Miguel 
 1995 1995
-&#8220;Ancient Mesopotamian Lexicography.&#8221; In +"Ancient Mesopotamian LexicographyIn 
-Jack M. Sasson, ed. <i>Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</i>. Pp. 2305-2314. New York: Charles Scribner&#8217;Sons.+Jack M. Sasson, ed. //Civilizations of the Ancient Near East//. Pp. 2305-2314. New York: Charles Scribnerés Sons.\\
  
 Civil, Miguel  Civil, Miguel 
 1976 1976
-&#8220;Lexicography.&#8221; In Stephen J. Lieberman, +"LexicographyIn Stephen J. Lieberman, 
-ed. <i>Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his Seventieth +ed. //Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his Seventieth 
-Birthday June 7, 1974</i>.+Birthday June 7, 1974//.
 Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 123-57. Chicago: The University of Chicago Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 123-57. Chicago: The University of Chicago
-Press.+Press.\\
  
-<p><b>1.2. Specific Periods +**1.2. Specific Periods 
-1.2.1 Archaic</b></p>+1.2.1 Archaic**
 Englund, Robert K.  Englund, Robert K. 
 1998 1998
-&#8220;Texts from the Late Uruk period.&#8221; In +"Texts from the Late Uruk periodIn 
-Pascal Attinger and Markus W&auml;fler, eds. <i>Mesopotamien. Sp&auml;turuk-Zeit und +Pascal Attinger and Markus W&auml;fler, eds. //Mesopotamien. Sp&auml;turuk-Zeit und 
-Fr&uuml;hdynastische Zeit. Ann&auml;herungen 1</i>+Fr&uuml;hdynastische Zeit. Ann&auml;herungen 1//
-Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1. Pp. 15-233. Fribourg: Universit&auml;tsverlag.+Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1. Pp. 15-233. Fribourg: Universit&auml;tsverlag.\\
  
-<p><b>1.2.2 Early Dynastic</b></p>+**1.2.2 Early Dynastic**
 Civil, Miguel  Civil, Miguel 
 1987 1987
-&#8220;The Early History of HAR-ra: The Ebla +"The Early History of HAR-ra: The Ebla 
-Link.&#8221; In Luigi Cagni, ed. <i>Ebla 1975-1985. Dieci anni di studi+LinkIn Luigi Cagni, ed. //Ebla 1975-1985. Dieci anni di studi
 linguistici e filologici. Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli 9-11 linguistici e filologici. Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli 9-11
-ottobre 1985)</i>. Istituto+ottobre 1985)//. Istituto
 Universitare Orientale. Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Series Minor 27. Pp. Universitare Orientale. Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Series Minor 27. Pp.
-131-158. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.+131-158. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.\\
  
-<p><b>1.2.3 Old Babylonian</b></p>+**1.2.3 Old Babylonian**
 Veldhuis, Niek C. Veldhuis, Niek C.
 1997 1997
-<i>Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of +//Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of 
-Trees and Wooden Objects</i>. Ph.D. +Trees and Wooden Objects//. Ph.D. 
-dissertation, University of Groningen.+dissertation, University of Groningen.\\
  
-<p><b>1.2.4 Middle Babylonian</b></p>+**1.2.4 Middle Babylonian**
 Van Soldt, Wilfred H.  Van Soldt, Wilfred H. 
 1995 1995
-&#8220;Babylonian Lexical, Religious and Literary+"Babylonian Lexical, Religious and Literary
 Texts and Scribal Education at Ugarit and its Implications for the Alphabetic Texts and Scribal Education at Ugarit and its Implications for the Alphabetic
-Literary Texts.&#8221; In Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, eds. Ugarit.+Literary TextsIn Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, eds. Ugarit.
 Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. Ergebnisse und Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. Ergebnisse und
 Perspektiven der Forschung. Band I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt. Perspektiven der Forschung. Band I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt.
-Pp. 171-212. M&uuml;nster: Ugarit-Verlag.+Pp. 171-212. M&uuml;nster: Ugarit-Verlag.\\
  
 Veldhuis, Niek C.  Veldhuis, Niek C. 
 2000 2000
-&#8220;Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical +"Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical 
-Extracts.&#8221; <i>Journal of Cuneiform Studies</i> 52: 67-94.+Extracts" //Journal of Cuneiform Studies/52: 67-94.\\
  
-<p><b>1.2.5 Neo-Babylonian</b></p>+**1.2.5 Neo-Babylonian**
 Gesche, Petra D.  Gesche, Petra D. 
 2001 2001
-<i>Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten +//Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten 
-Jahrtausend v. Chr.</i> Alter Orient +Jahrtausend v. Chr./Alter Orient 
-und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: M&uuml;nster.+und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: Münster.\\
  
  
-<p><b>2. Schools and +**2. Schools and 
-Intellectual History</b></p>+Intellectual History**
 Gesche, Petra D.  Gesche, Petra D. 
 2001 2001
-<i>Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten +//Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten 
-Jahrtausend v. Chr.</i> Alter Orient +Jahrtausend v. Chr./Alter Orient 
-und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: M&uuml;nster.+und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: Münster.\\
  
 Robson, Eleanor  Robson, Eleanor 
 2001 2001
-&#8220;The Tablet House: a Scribal School in Old +"The Tablet House: a Scribal School in Old 
-Babylonian Nippur.&#8221; <i>Revue d&#8217;Assyriologie et d&#8217;Arch&eacute;ologie Orientale</i> 95: 39-66.+Babylonian Nippur" //Revue déAssyriologie et déArch&eacute;ologie Orientale/95: 39-66.\\
  
 Sj&ouml;berg, &Aring;ke W.  Sj&ouml;berg, &Aring;ke W. 
 1976 1976
-&#8220;The Old Babylonian Eduba.&#8221; In Stephen J. +"The Old Babylonian EdubaIn Stephen J. 
-Lieberman, ed. <i>Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his +Lieberman, ed. //Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his 
-Seventieth Birthday June 7, 1974</i>.+Seventieth Birthday June 7, 1974//.
 Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 159-179. Chicago: The University of Chicago Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 159-179. Chicago: The University of Chicago
-Press.+Press.\\
  
 Tanret, Michel  Tanret, Michel 
 2002 2002
-<i>Per aspera ad astra. L&#8217;apprentissage du +//Per aspera ad astra. Léapprentissage du 
-cun&eacute;iforme &agrave; Sippar-Amnanum pendant la p&eacute;riode pal&eacute;obabylonienne tardive</i>. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Series III +cun&eacute;iforme &agrave; Sippar-Amnanum pendant la p&eacute;riode pal&eacute;obabylonienne tardive//. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Series III 
-Texts I/2. Ghent: University of Ghent.+Texts I/2. Ghent: University of Ghent.\\
  
 Tinney, Steve  Tinney, Steve 
 1998 1998
-&#8220;Texts, Tablets, and Teaching. Scribal +"Texts, Tablets, and Teaching. Scribal 
-Education in Nippur and Ur.&#8221; <i>Expedition. The Magazine of the +Education in Nippur and Ur" //Expedition. The Magazine of the 
-University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</i> 40 2: 40-50.+University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology/40 2: 40-50.\\
  
 Veldhuis, Niek C.  Veldhuis, Niek C. 
 1996 1996
-&#8220;The Cuneiform Tablet as an Educational +"The Cuneiform Tablet as an Educational 
-Tool.&#8221; <i>NELL</i> 2: 11-26.+Tool" //NELL/2: 11-26.\\
  
 Veldhuis, Niek C. Veldhuis, Niek C.
 1997 1997
-<i>Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of +//Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of 
-Trees and Wooden Objects</i>. Ph.D. +Trees and Wooden Objects//. Ph.D. 
-dissertation, University of Groningen.+dissertation, University of Groningen.\\
  
 Volk, Konrad  Volk, Konrad 
 2000 2000
-&#8220;Edubba&#8217;und Edubba&#8217;a-Literatur: R&auml;tsel und +"Edubbaéa und Edubbaéa-Literatur: R&auml;tsel und 
-L&ouml;sungen.&#8221; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Assyriologie</i> 90: 1-30.+L&ouml;sungen" //Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Assyriologie/90: 1-30.\\
  
 Von Soden, Wolfram  Von Soden, Wolfram 
 1936 1936
-&#8220;Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und +"Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und 
-babylonischer Wissenschaft.&#8221; <i>Die Welt als Geschichte</i> 2: 411-64 and 509-57. Reprint, with B. +babylonischer Wissenschaft" //Die Welt als Geschichte/2: 411-64 and 509-57. Reprint, with B. 
-Landsberger, <i>Die Eigenbegrifflichkeit der babylonischen Welt</i> in: Sonderausgabe Wissenschaftliche +Landsberger, //Die Eigenbegrifflichkeit der babylonischen Welt/in: Sonderausgabe Wissenschaftliche 
-Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt (1965).+Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt (1965).\\
  
 Waetzoldt, Hartmut Waetzoldt, Hartmut
 1986 1986
-&#8220;Keilschrift +"Keilschrift 
-und Schulen in Mesopotamien und Ebla.&#8221; in: L. Kriss-Rettenbeck and M. Liedtke +und Schulen in Mesopotamien und Eblain: L. Kriss-Rettenbeck and M. Liedtke 
-(eds.): <i>Erziehungs- und Unterrichtsmethoden im historischen Wandel</i>. Schriftenreihe zum Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum +(eds.): //Erziehungs- und Unterrichtsmethoden im historischen Wandel//. Schriftenreihe zum Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum 
-des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, Bd.4. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 36-50.+des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, Bd.4. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 36-50.\\
  
 Waetzoldt, Hartmut Waetzoldt, Hartmut
 1988 1988
-&#8220;Die+"Die
 Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaften und des naturwissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaften und des naturwissenschaftlichen
-Unterrichts in Mesopotamien.&#8221; in: J.G. Prinz von Hohenzollern and M. Liedtke +Unterrichts in Mesopotamienin: J.G. Prinz von Hohenzollern and M. Liedtke 
-(eds.): <i>Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht und Wissenskumulation. +(eds.): //Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht und Wissenskumulation. 
-Geschichtliche Entwicklung und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen</i>. Schriftenreihe zum Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum +Geschichtliche Entwicklung und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen//. Schriftenreihe zum Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum 
-des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, Bd.7. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 31-49.+des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, Bd.7. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 31-49.\\
  
 Waetzoldt, Waetzoldt,
 H. H.
 1989 1989
-&#8220;Der +"Der 
-Schreiber als Lehrer in Mesopotamien.&#8221; in: J.G. Prinz von Hohenzollern and M. +Schreiber als Lehrer in Mesopotamienin: J.G. Prinz von Hohenzollern and M. 
-Liedtke (eds.): <i>Schreiber, Magister, Lehrer. Zur Geschichte und Funktion +Liedtke (eds.): //Schreiber, Magister, Lehrer. Zur Geschichte und Funktion 
-eines Berufsstandes</i>. Schriftenreihe zum+eines Berufsstandes//. Schriftenreihe zum
 Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum des Bayerischen Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, Zweigmuseum des Bayerischen
-Nationalmuseums, Bd.8. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 33-50.+Nationalmuseums, Bd.8. Bad Heilbrunn, pp. 33-50.\\
  
  
-<p><b>3. Major Text Publications</b></p>+**3. Major Text Publications**
 Al-Fouadi, Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi, Abdul-Hadi
 1979 1979
-<i>Lenticular Exercise +//Lenticular Exercise 
-School Texts</i>. Texts in the Iraq+School Texts//. Texts in the Iraq
 Museum 10/1. Baghdad: The State Museum 10/1. Baghdad: The State
-Organization of Antiquities.+Organization of Antiquities.\\
  
 Arnaud, Daniel Arnaud, Daniel
 1986 1986
-<i>Recherches au pays +//Recherches au pays 
-d&#8217;A&#353;tata. Emar VI. Textes Sum&eacute;riens et Accadiens</i>. Paris: &Eacute;ditions Recherche sur les Civilizations. +déA&#353;tata. Emar VI. Textes Sum&eacute;riens et Accadiens//. Paris: &Eacute;ditions Recherche sur les Civilizations. 
-(4 volumes).+(4 volumes).\\
  
 Chiera, Edward  Chiera, Edward 
 1929 1929
-<i>Sumerian Lexical Texts +//Sumerian Lexical Texts 
-from the Temple School of Nippur</i>+from the Temple School of Nippur//
-Oriental Institute Publications 11. Chicago: Oriental Institute.+Oriental Institute Publications 11. Chicago: Oriental Institute.\\
  
 Civil, Miguel  Civil, Miguel 
 1996 1996
-&#8220;HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablet X dug = <i>karpatu</i>.&#8221; <i>Der babylonische T&ouml;pfer und seine+"HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablet X dug = //karpatu//" //Der babylonische T&ouml;pfer und seine
 Gef&auml;sse nach Urkunden altsumerischer bis altbabylonischer Zeit sowie Gef&auml;sse nach Urkunden altsumerischer bis altbabylonischer Zeit sowie
-lexikalischen und literarischen Zeugnisse</i>. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Memoirs. Pp. 129-59. Ghent: +lexikalischen und literarischen Zeugnisse//. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Memoirs. Pp. 129-59. Ghent: 
-University of Ghent.+University of Ghent.\\
  
 Englund, Robert K., and Hans J. Nissen Englund, Robert K., and Hans J. Nissen
 1993 1993
-<i>Die lexikalischen Listen der archaischen Texte aus Uruk</i>. Archaische Texte aus Uruk 3. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.+//Die lexikalischen Listen der archaischen Texte aus Uruk//. Archaische Texte aus Uruk 3. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.\\
  
 Landsberger, Benno, Miguel Landsberger, Benno, Miguel
 Civil, and others Civil, and others
 1937- 1937-
-<i>Materials for the +//Materials for the 
-Sumerian Lexicon</i>. Rome: Pontificum +Sumerian Lexicon//. Rome: Pontificum 
-Institutum Biblicum. (17 volumes).+Institutum Biblicum. (17 volumes).\\
  
 Matou&#353;, Lubor and Matou&#353;, Lubor and
 Wolfram von Soden Wolfram von Soden
 1933 1933
-<i>Die Lexikalischen +//Die Lexikalischen 
-Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen.</i> Berlin: Staatliche Museen. (2 volumes).+Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen./Berlin: Staatliche Museen. (2 volumes).\\
  
 Pettinato, Giovanni Pettinato, Giovanni
 1981 1981
-<i>Testi lessicali +//Testi lessicali 
-monolingui della biblitheca L. 2769</i>.+monolingui della biblitheca L. 2769//.
 Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 3. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 3. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di
-Napoli. +Napoli. \\
  
 Pettinato, Giovanni Pettinato, Giovanni
 1982 1982
-<i>Testi lessicali +//Testi lessicali 
-bilingui della biblitheca L. 2769</i>.+bilingui della biblitheca L. 2769//.
 Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 4. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 4. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di
-Napoli.+Napoli.\\
  
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