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====== Akkadian School Texts ====== | ====== Akkadian School Texts ====== | ||
- | < | + | ===== Introduction ===== |
- | Mesopotamian | + | |
- | <p>(source: | + | **The Eduba Curriculum: |
- | </p> | + | |
- | < | + | The scribal school curriculum was divided into two phases of education, basic and advanced. A scribal apprentice would begin his training at a very young age in early childhood (5-7 years old). Only wealthy or elite families had the means to send their children to school. There is evidence of young girls being educated as scribes but the majority of students were young boys. |
- | < | + | |
+ | At school the students first learned how to form the different types of tablets required for various documents. A student would learn to form the primary rectangular tablet and practice dividing it into columns and lines. For shorter exercises, small round tablets could be made to fit in the palm of his hand. The prism is a more complex form that has 4-6 sides and has a stick in its center along the vertical axis to allow for easy rotation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Many of the school tablets were reused in several ways. Often students erased their work in order to write over it again and again. This would save them the trouble of creating numerous small tablets for one exercise. Some tablets have also been found incorporated into the structure of buildings as bricks. In some instances this has served to protect the tablets enabling them to endure to present day. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The dubsar apprentice spent their days practicing their writing and memorizing lessons. Niek Veldhuis, an expert on Mesopotamian scribal education, identifies four patterns of learning in the eduba: | ||
+ | 1. Writing techniques | ||
+ | 2. Sumerian nouns | ||
+ | 3. Sign lists and mathematics | ||
+ | 4. Sumerian language (learned through literature) | ||
+ | The young scribe began his education by learning to write simple, individual signs based off of Syllable Alphabet A or B (single sign lists). Next he moved onto the TU-TA-TI list where signs are grouped phonetically by their first phoneme, alternating the vowels: u,a,i (ex. mu-ma-mi, gu-ga-gi). After the basic signs had been acquired the scribe began writing lists of personal names to practice short Sumerian constructions. This completed the elementary exercises. Then the scribe would move onto the simple set of lexical lists (known as the hur-ra = hubullu lexical lists), where he wrote out semantically grouped vocabulary for types of trees, metals, animals, stones, plants, clothing, geography and foodstuffs. Upon successful completion of this corpus, the young dubsar would be given more advanced lexical lists to copy and memorize (e.g. acrographic, | ||
+ | |||
+ | To this would be added training in mathematics, | ||
+ | |||
+ | As the final step in the basic phase of training was instruction in writing contracts and other business documents. Scribes were used in a variety of ways by businessmen including drafting letters and contracts. The average | ||
+ | |||
+ | The study of proverbs linked the basic training to the advanced curriculum. It exposed the scribe to literary forms and language preparing them for the demands of such complex texts. However, not all scribes continued onto the advanced training in literature. Scribes were able to specialize in a particular field, such as legal affairs, field surveying, palace administration, | ||
+ | |||
+ | For those who continued their training there was a rigid outline of literature that Steve Tinney has divided into two categories: the Tetrad and the Decad. These are groups of four and ten literary pieces that were standard practice in edubas. The divisions, though, do not adhere to modern standards. The categories include both hymns and epics with no apparent method of categorization apparent to the modern reader. To the Tetrad and Decad were added 14 lesser texts, practiced to varying degrees at different edubas. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Bibliography | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Black, Jeremy, Graham Cunningham, Eleanor Robson, and Gabor Zolyomi, trans. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Robson, Eleanor. “The Tablet House: A Scribal School in Old Babylonian Nippur.” //Revue d’Assyriologie et D’Archeologie Orientale// 95:1 (2001): 39-66. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Sjober, A.W. “The Old Babylonian Eduba.” In // | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Vanstiphout, | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Veldhuis, Niek. “Elementary Education at Nippur: The Lists of Trees and Wooden Objects.” (Ph.D. dissertation, | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Wilson, Mark. Education in the Earliest Schools: Cuneiform Manuscripts in the Cotsen Collection. Los Angeles: Cotsen Occasional Press, 2008. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Texts ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Lexical Lists and the Mesopotamian School: Selected Bibliography** | ||
+ | (source: | ||
+ | |||
+ | **1. Introductions to the Lexical Tradition** | ||
+ | **1.1 General** | ||
Cavigneaux, Antoine | Cavigneaux, Antoine | ||
1983 | 1983 | ||
- | “Lexikalische Listen.&# | + | Lexikalische Listen < |
- | Assyriologie</i> 6, 609-641. | + | Assyriologie/ |
Civil, Miguel | Civil, Miguel | ||
1995 | 1995 | ||
- | “Ancient Mesopotamian Lexicography.&# | + | "Ancient Mesopotamian Lexicography" |
- | Jack M. Sasson, ed. <i>Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</i>. Pp. 2305-2314. New York: Charles | + | Jack M. Sasson, ed. //Civilizations of the Ancient Near East//. Pp. 2305-2314. New York: Charles |
Civil, Miguel | Civil, Miguel | ||
1976 | 1976 | ||
- | “Lexicography.&# | + | "Lexicography" |
- | ed. <i>Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his Seventieth | + | ed. //Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his Seventieth |
- | Birthday June 7, 1974</i>. | + | Birthday June 7, 1974//. |
Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 123-57. Chicago: The University of Chicago | Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 123-57. Chicago: The University of Chicago | ||
- | Press. | + | Press.\\ |
- | < | + | **1.2. Specific Periods |
- | 1.2.1 Archaic</ | + | 1.2.1 Archaic** |
Englund, Robert K. | Englund, Robert K. | ||
1998 | 1998 | ||
- | “Texts from the Late Uruk period.&# | + | "Texts from the Late Uruk period" |
- | Pascal Attinger and Markus W& | + | Pascal Attinger and Markus W& |
- | Fr& | + | Fr& |
- | Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1. Pp. 15-233. Fribourg: Universit& | + | Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1. Pp. 15-233. Fribourg: Universit& |
- | < | + | **1.2.2 Early Dynastic** |
Civil, Miguel | Civil, Miguel | ||
1987 | 1987 | ||
- | “The Early History of HAR-ra: The Ebla | + | "The Early History of HAR-ra: The Ebla |
- | Link.&# | + | Link" |
linguistici e filologici. Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli 9-11 | linguistici e filologici. Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli 9-11 | ||
- | ottobre 1985)</i>. Istituto | + | ottobre 1985)//. Istituto |
Universitare Orientale. Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Series Minor 27. Pp. | Universitare Orientale. Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Series Minor 27. Pp. | ||
- | 131-158. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale. | + | 131-158. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.\\ |
- | < | + | **1.2.3 Old Babylonian** |
Veldhuis, Niek C. | Veldhuis, Niek C. | ||
1997 | 1997 | ||
- | <i>Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of | + | //Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of |
- | Trees and Wooden Objects</i>. Ph.D. | + | Trees and Wooden Objects//. Ph.D. |
- | dissertation, | + | dissertation, |
- | < | + | **1.2.4 Middle Babylonian** |
Van Soldt, Wilfred H. | Van Soldt, Wilfred H. | ||
1995 | 1995 | ||
- | “Babylonian Lexical, Religious and Literary | + | "Babylonian Lexical, Religious and Literary |
Texts and Scribal Education at Ugarit and its Implications for the Alphabetic | Texts and Scribal Education at Ugarit and its Implications for the Alphabetic | ||
- | Literary Texts.&# | + | Literary Texts" |
Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. Ergebnisse und | Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. Ergebnisse und | ||
Perspektiven der Forschung. Band I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt. | Perspektiven der Forschung. Band I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt. | ||
- | Pp. 171-212. M& | + | Pp. 171-212. M& |
Veldhuis, Niek C. | Veldhuis, Niek C. | ||
2000 | 2000 | ||
- | “Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical | + | "Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical |
- | Extracts.&# | + | Extracts" //Journal of Cuneiform Studies// 52: 67-94.\\ |
- | < | + | **1.2.5 Neo-Babylonian** |
Gesche, Petra D. | Gesche, Petra D. | ||
2001 | 2001 | ||
- | <i>Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten | + | //Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten |
- | Jahrtausend v. Chr.</i> Alter Orient | + | Jahrtausend v. Chr.// Alter Orient |
- | und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: | + | und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: |
- | < | + | **2. Schools and |
- | Intellectual History</ | + | Intellectual History** |
Gesche, Petra D. | Gesche, Petra D. | ||
2001 | 2001 | ||
- | <i>Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten | + | //Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten |
- | Jahrtausend v. Chr.</i> Alter Orient | + | Jahrtausend v. Chr.// Alter Orient |
- | und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: | + | und Altes Testament 275. Ugarit-Verlag: |
Robson, Eleanor | Robson, Eleanor | ||
2001 | 2001 | ||
- | “The Tablet House: a Scribal School in Old | + | "The Tablet House: a Scribal School in Old |
- | Babylonian Nippur.&# | + | Babylonian Nippur" //Revue déAssyriologie |
Sj& | Sj& | ||
1976 | 1976 | ||
- | “The Old Babylonian Eduba.&# | + | "The Old Babylonian Eduba" |
- | Lieberman, ed. <i>Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his | + | Lieberman, ed. //Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his |
- | Seventieth Birthday June 7, 1974</i>. | + | Seventieth Birthday June 7, 1974//. |
Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 159-179. Chicago: The University of Chicago | Assyriological Studies 20. Pp. 159-179. Chicago: The University of Chicago | ||
- | Press. | + | Press.\\ |
Tanret, Michel | Tanret, Michel | ||
2002 | 2002 | ||
- | <i>Per aspera ad astra. | + | //Per aspera ad astra. |
- | cun& | + | cun& |
- | Texts I/2. Ghent: University of Ghent. | + | Texts I/2. Ghent: University of Ghent.\\ |
Tinney, Steve | Tinney, Steve | ||
1998 | 1998 | ||
- | “Texts, Tablets, and Teaching. Scribal | + | "Texts, Tablets, and Teaching. Scribal |
- | Education in Nippur and Ur.&# | + | Education in Nippur and Ur" //Expedition. The Magazine of the |
- | University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</i> 40 2: 40-50. | + | University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology/ |
Veldhuis, Niek C. | Veldhuis, Niek C. | ||
1996 | 1996 | ||
- | “The Cuneiform Tablet as an Educational | + | "The Cuneiform Tablet as an Educational |
- | Tool.&# | + | Tool" //NELL// 2: 11-26.\\ |
Veldhuis, Niek C. | Veldhuis, Niek C. | ||
1997 | 1997 | ||
- | <i>Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of | + | //Elementary Education at Nippur. The Lists of |
- | Trees and Wooden Objects</i>. Ph.D. | + | Trees and Wooden Objects//. Ph.D. |
- | dissertation, | + | dissertation, |
Volk, Konrad | Volk, Konrad | ||
2000 | 2000 | ||
- | &# | + | " |
- | L& | + | L& |
Von Soden, Wolfram | Von Soden, Wolfram | ||
1936 | 1936 | ||
- | “Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und | + | "Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und |
- | babylonischer Wissenschaft.&# | + | babylonischer Wissenschaft" //Die Welt als Geschichte// 2: 411-64 and 509-57. Reprint, with B. |
- | Landsberger, | + | Landsberger, |
- | Buchgesellschaft, | + | Buchgesellschaft, |
Waetzoldt, Hartmut | Waetzoldt, Hartmut | ||
1986 | 1986 | ||
- | “Keilschrift | + | "Keilschrift |
- | und Schulen in Mesopotamien und Ebla.&# | + | und Schulen in Mesopotamien und Ebla" |
- | (eds.): | + | (eds.): |
- | des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, | + | des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, |
Waetzoldt, Hartmut | Waetzoldt, Hartmut | ||
1988 | 1988 | ||
- | “Die | + | "Die |
Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaften und des naturwissenschaftlichen | Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaften und des naturwissenschaftlichen | ||
- | Unterrichts in Mesopotamien.&# | + | Unterrichts in Mesopotamien" |
- | (eds.): | + | (eds.): |
- | Geschichtliche Entwicklung und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen</i>. Schriftenreihe zum Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, | + | Geschichtliche Entwicklung und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen/ |
- | des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, | + | des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, |
Waetzoldt, | Waetzoldt, | ||
H. | H. | ||
1989 | 1989 | ||
- | “Der | + | "Der |
- | Schreiber als Lehrer in Mesopotamien.&# | + | Schreiber als Lehrer in Mesopotamien" |
- | Liedtke (eds.): | + | Liedtke (eds.): |
- | eines Berufsstandes</i>. Schriftenreihe zum | + | eines Berufsstandes/ |
Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, | Bayerischen Schulmuseum Ichenhausen, | ||
- | Nationalmuseums, | + | Nationalmuseums, |
- | < | + | **3. Major Text Publications** |
Al-Fouadi, Abdul-Hadi | Al-Fouadi, Abdul-Hadi | ||
1979 | 1979 | ||
- | <i>Lenticular Exercise | + | //Lenticular Exercise |
- | School Texts</i>. Texts in the Iraq | + | School Texts//. Texts in the Iraq |
Museum 10/1. Baghdad: The State | Museum 10/1. Baghdad: The State | ||
- | Organization of Antiquities. | + | Organization of Antiquities.\\ |
Arnaud, Daniel | Arnaud, Daniel | ||
1986 | 1986 | ||
- | <i>Recherches au pays | + | //Recherches au pays |
- | d&# | + | déA&# |
- | (4 volumes). | + | (4 volumes).\\ |
Chiera, Edward | Chiera, Edward | ||
1929 | 1929 | ||
- | <i>Sumerian Lexical Texts | + | //Sumerian Lexical Texts |
- | from the Temple School of Nippur</i>. | + | from the Temple School of Nippur//. |
- | Oriental Institute Publications 11. Chicago: Oriental Institute. | + | Oriental Institute Publications 11. Chicago: Oriental Institute.\\ |
Civil, Miguel | Civil, Miguel | ||
1996 | 1996 | ||
- | “HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablet X dug = <i>karpatu</i> | + | "HAR-ra = hubullu: Tablet X dug = //karpatu//" //Der babylonische T& |
Gef& | Gef& | ||
- | lexikalischen und literarischen Zeugnisse</i>. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Memoirs. Pp. 129-59. Ghent: | + | lexikalischen und literarischen Zeugnisse//. Mesopotamian History and Environment. Memoirs. Pp. 129-59. Ghent: |
- | University of Ghent. | + | University of Ghent.\\ |
Englund, Robert K., and Hans J. Nissen | Englund, Robert K., and Hans J. Nissen | ||
1993 | 1993 | ||
- | <i>Die lexikalischen Listen der archaischen Texte aus Uruk</i>. Archaische Texte aus Uruk 3. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. | + | //Die lexikalischen Listen der archaischen Texte aus Uruk//. Archaische Texte aus Uruk 3. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.\\ |
Landsberger, | Landsberger, | ||
Civil, and others | Civil, and others | ||
1937- | 1937- | ||
- | <i>Materials for the | + | //Materials for the |
- | Sumerian Lexicon</i>. Rome: Pontificum | + | Sumerian Lexicon//. Rome: Pontificum |
- | Institutum Biblicum. (17 volumes). | + | Institutum Biblicum. (17 volumes).\\ |
Matou&# | Matou&# | ||
Wolfram von Soden | Wolfram von Soden | ||
1933 | 1933 | ||
- | <i>Die Lexikalischen | + | //Die Lexikalischen |
- | Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen.</i> Berlin: Staatliche Museen. (2 volumes). | + | Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen.// Berlin: Staatliche Museen. (2 volumes).\\ |
Pettinato, Giovanni | Pettinato, Giovanni | ||
1981 | 1981 | ||
- | <i>Testi lessicali | + | //Testi lessicali |
- | monolingui della biblitheca L. 2769</i>. | + | monolingui della biblitheca L. 2769//. |
Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 3. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di | Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 3. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di | ||
- | Napoli. | + | Napoli. |
Pettinato, Giovanni | Pettinato, Giovanni | ||
1982 | 1982 | ||
- | <i>Testi lessicali | + | //Testi lessicali |
- | bilingui della biblitheca L. 2769</i>. | + | bilingui della biblitheca L. 2769//. |
Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 4. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di | Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla 4. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di | ||
- | Napoli. | + | Napoli.\\ |