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[[The Late Uruk Period]]
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 ===== Introduction ===== ===== Introduction =====
  
-The earliest true script in man's history emerged at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in ancient Babylonia, the southern part of today's Iraq. The signs of this script were impressed with the aid of a stylus into the still soft surface of clay tablets. Such clay tablets hardened almost immediately in the dry and hot climate of that part of the world. As a result of this hardening, and because such lumps of clay could not be reused, these documents from early Babylonia survived in great numbers. The early script developed into the better-known "cuneiform," the hallmark of Babylonian history and culture; hence the name "proto-cuneiform" has been accepted by most scholars to designate the archaic script. Most of the tablets of this early phase were found during the excavations in the ancient city of Uruk in lower Babylonia, conducted by the German Archaeological Institute from 1913 up to the present day and interrupted only by the two world wars, and by regional conflicts (the current director of German excavations, M. van Ess, recently reported [personal communication] that Warka has not been a target of successful plunderings in Iraq during the 2003 occupation of that country, unlike the sites of ancient Umma, Adab, Isin and Nippur). During the seasons from 1928 until 1976, nearly 5000 such tablets and fragments were unearthed, forming the basic material for a long-term research project dedicated to the decipherment and edition of these texts.===== The dates and circumstances of discovery of the archaic tablets from Uruk =====+The earliest true script in man's history emerged at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in ancient Babylonia, the southern part of today's Iraq. The signs of this script were impressed with the aid of a stylus into the still soft surface of clay tablets. Such clay tablets hardened almost immediately in the dry and hot climate of that part of the world. As a result of this hardening, and because such lumps of clay could not be reused, these documents from early Babylonia survived in great numbers. The early script developed into the better-known "cuneiform," the hallmark of Babylonian history and culture; hence the name "proto-cuneiform" has been accepted by most scholars to designate the archaic script. Most of the tablets of this early phase were found during the excavations in the ancient city of Uruk in lower Babylonia, conducted by the German Archaeological Institute from 1913 up to the present day and interrupted only by the two world wars, and by regional conflicts (the current director of German excavations, M. van Ess, recently reported [personal communication] that Warka has not been a target of successful plunderings in Iraq during the 2003 occupation of that country, unlike the sites of ancient Umma, Adab, Isin and Nippur). During the seasons from 1928 until 1976, nearly 5000 such tablets and fragments were unearthed, forming the basic material for a long-term research project dedicated to the decipherment and edition of these texts. 
 +===== The dates and circumstances of discovery of the archaic tablets from Uruk =====
  
  
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   * Eichmann, R., Uruk: Die Architektur I, Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynasitischer Zeit (=AUWE 14; Mainz 2008?)    * Eichmann, R., Uruk: Die Architektur I, Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynasitischer Zeit (=AUWE 14; Mainz 2008?) 
   * Ellison, R., "Diet in Mesopotamia: The Evidence of the Barley Ration Texts (c. 3000-1400 B.C.)," Iraq 43 (1981) 35-45    * Ellison, R., "Diet in Mesopotamia: The Evidence of the Barley Ration Texts (c. 3000-1400 B.C.)," Iraq 43 (1981) 35-45 
-id., "Some Thoughts on the Diet of Mesopotamia from c. 3000 - 600 B.C.," Iraq 45 (1983) 146-150 +  * id., "Some Thoughts on the Diet of Mesopotamia from c. 3000 - 600 B.C.," Iraq 45 (1983) 146-150 
   * Englund, R., "Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia," JESHO 31 (1988) 121-185    * Englund, R., "Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia," JESHO 31 (1988) 121-185 
   * Englund, R., Verwaltung und Organisation der Ur III-Fischerei (=BBVO 10; Berlin) 1990    * Englund, R., Verwaltung und Organisation der Ur III-Fischerei (=BBVO 10; Berlin) 1990 
Line 284: Line 285:
   * Nissen, H., Katalog der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk, ATU 4, Berlin forthcoming    * Nissen, H., Katalog der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk, ATU 4, Berlin forthcoming 
   * Nissen, H., Damerow, P., Englund, R., Frühe Schrift und Techniken der Wirtschaftsverwaltung im alten Vorderen Orient, Berlin 21991    * Nissen, H., Damerow, P., Englund, R., Frühe Schrift und Techniken der Wirtschaftsverwaltung im alten Vorderen Orient, Berlin 21991 
-id., Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Chicago 1993 (revised English edition of Frühe Schrift) +  * id., Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Chicago 1993 (revised English edition of Frühe Schrift) 
   * Noegel, S., An Asymmetrical Janus Parallelism in the Gilgamesh Flood Story, ASJ 16, 306-308    * Noegel, S., An Asymmetrical Janus Parallelism in the Gilgamesh Flood Story, ASJ 16, 306-308 
   * Nöldecke, A., et al., Vierter vorläufiger Bericht ... Uruk-Warka ..., Abhandlungen der  Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jahrgang 1932, philosophisch-historische Klasse Nr. 6, Berlin 1932    * Nöldecke, A., et al., Vierter vorläufiger Bericht ... Uruk-Warka ..., Abhandlungen der  Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jahrgang 1932, philosophisch-historische Klasse Nr. 6, Berlin 1932 
-id., Funfter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1933, Nr. 5, Berlin 1934  +  * id., Funfter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1933, Nr. 5, Berlin 1934  
-id., Siebenter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1935, Nr. 4, Berlin 1936  +  * id., Siebenter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1935, Nr. 4, Berlin 1936  
-id., Achter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1936, Nr. 13, Berlin 1937  +  * id., Achter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1936, Nr. 13, Berlin 1937  
-id., Neunter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1937, Nr. 11, Berlin 1938  +  * id., Neunter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1937, Nr. 11, Berlin 1938  
-id., Zehnter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1939, Nr. 2, Berlin 1939  +  * id., Zehnter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1939, Nr. 2, Berlin 1939  
-id., Elfter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1940, Nr. 3, Berlin 1940 +  * id., Elfter vorläufiger Bericht ..., APAW 1940, Nr. 3, Berlin 1940 
   * North, R., Status of the Warka Excavation, Or. 13, 1957, 185-255    * North, R., Status of the Warka Excavation, Or. 13, 1957, 185-255 
   * Oates, D., J., The Rise of Civilization, Oxford 1976    * Oates, D., J., The Rise of Civilization, Oxford 1976 
   * Oates, J., et al., The Sea-faring Merchants of Ur?, Antiquity 51, 1977, 221-234    * Oates, J., et al., The Sea-faring Merchants of Ur?, Antiquity 51, 1977, 221-234 
   * Oppenheim, A. L., On an Operational Device in Mesopotamian Bureaucracy, JNES 18, 1959, 121-128    * Oppenheim, A. L., On an Operational Device in Mesopotamian Bureaucracy, JNES 18, 1959, 121-128 
-id., Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, Chicago 1964 +  * id., Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, Chicago 1964 
   * Orthmann, W., Der alte Orient, Propyläen Kunstgeschichte 14, Frankfurt-Berlin-Vienna 1975    * Orthmann, W., Der alte Orient, Propyläen Kunstgeschichte 14, Frankfurt-Berlin-Vienna 1975 
   * Parpola, S., Transliterations of Sumerian: Problems and Prospects, in Karki, I. (ed.), Studia Orientalia 46, Fs. A. Salonen, Helsinki 1975, 239-257    * Parpola, S., Transliterations of Sumerian: Problems and Prospects, in Karki, I. (ed.), Studia Orientalia 46, Fs. A. Salonen, Helsinki 1975, 239-257 
   * Parrot, A., RA 30, 1933, 175. XXX unvollstaendig    * Parrot, A., RA 30, 1933, 175. XXX unvollstaendig 
-id., Tello. Vingt campagnes de fouilles (1877-1933), Paris 1948  +  * id., Tello. Vingt campagnes de fouilles (1877-1933), Paris 1948  
-id., Les fouilles de Mari. Quatorzième campagne, printemps 1964, Syria 42, 1965, 12 +  * id., Les fouilles de Mari. Quatorzième campagne, printemps 1964, Syria 42, 1965, 12 
   * Payne, S., Partial Recovery and Sample Bias: The Results of Some Sieving Experiments, in Higgs, E. (ed.), Papers in Economic Prehistory I, Cambridge 1972, 49-64. XXX unvollstaendig ?    * Payne, S., Partial Recovery and Sample Bias: The Results of Some Sieving Experiments, in Higgs, E. (ed.), Papers in Economic Prehistory I, Cambridge 1972, 49-64. XXX unvollstaendig ? 
-id., in Clason, A. (ed.), Archaeozoological Studies, Amsterdam-Oxford 1975, p. 13. XXX unvollstaendig +  * id., in Clason, A. (ed.), Archaeozoological Studies, Amsterdam-Oxford 1975, p. 13. XXX unvollstaendig 
   * Pettinato, G., L'Atlante Geografico del Vicino Oriente Antico attestato ad Ebla e ad Ab¬ êalŒbÚkh (I), Or. 47, 1978, 50-73    * Pettinato, G., L'Atlante Geografico del Vicino Oriente Antico attestato ad Ebla e ad Ab¬ êalŒbÚkh (I), Or. 47, 1978, 50-73 
-id., Testi lessicali monolingui della Biblioteca L. 2769, MEE 3, Naples 1981  +  * id., Testi lessicali monolingui della Biblioteca L. 2769, MEE 3, Naples 1981  
-id., Liste presargoniche di uccelli nella documentazione di Fara ed Ebla, OrAnt. 17, 1978, 165-178 + plts. 14-16 +  * id., Liste presargoniche di uccelli nella documentazione di Fara ed Ebla, OrAnt. 17, 1978, 165-178 + plts. 14-16 
   * Pomponio, F., The Fara Lists of Proper Names, JAOS 104, 1984, 553-558    * Pomponio, F., The Fara Lists of Proper Names, JAOS 104, 1984, 553-558 
   * Porada, E., Iranian Art and Archaeology: A Report of the Fifth International Congress, 1968, Archaeology 22, 1969, 54-71    * Porada, E., Iranian Art and Archaeology: A Report of the Fifth International Congress, 1968, Archaeology 22, 1969, 54-71 
   * Postgate, J. N., Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975, Iraq 38, 1976, 133-161    * Postgate, J. N., Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975, Iraq 38, 1976, 133-161 
-id., Early Dynastic Burial Customs at Abu Salabikh, Sumer 36, 1980, 65-82 +  * id., Early Dynastic Burial Customs at Abu Salabikh, Sumer 36, 1980, 65-82 
   * Postgate, J. N., Moorey, P. R. S., Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975, Iraq 38, 1976, 133-169    * Postgate, J. N., Moorey, P. R. S., Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975, Iraq 38, 1976, 133-169 
   * Potts, D., On Salt and Salt Gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia, JESHO 27, 1984, 225-271    * Potts, D., On Salt and Salt Gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia, JESHO 27, 1984, 225-271 
   * Powell, M., Sumerian Area Measures and the Alleged Decimal Substratum, ZA 62, 1972, 165-221    * Powell, M., Sumerian Area Measures and the Alleged Decimal Substratum, ZA 62, 1972, 165-221 
-id., Three Problems in the History of Cuneiform Writing: Origins, Direction of Script, Literacy, Visible Language 15, 1981, 419-440  +  * id., Three Problems in the History of Cuneiform Writing: Origins, Direction of Script, Literacy, Visible Language 15, 1981, 419-440  
-id., Salt, Seed, and Yields in Sumerian Agriculture. A Critique of the Theory of Progressive Salinization, ZA 75, 1985, 7-38 +  * id., Salt, Seed, and Yields in Sumerian Agriculture. A Critique of the Theory of Progressive Salinization, ZA 75, 1985, 7-38 
   * Qualls, C., Early shipping in Mesopotamia, UColumbia dissertation, New York, 1981    * Qualls, C., Early shipping in Mesopotamia, UColumbia dissertation, New York, 1981 
   * Reade, J., An Early Warka Tablet, in Hrouda, B., Kroll, S., Spanos, P. (ed.), Von Uruk nach   Tuttul, Fs. Strommenger, Munich 1992, 177-179 + pl. 79    * Reade, J., An Early Warka Tablet, in Hrouda, B., Kroll, S., Spanos, P. (ed.), Von Uruk nach   Tuttul, Fs. Strommenger, Munich 1992, 177-179 + pl. 79 
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   * Reimpell, W., Geschichte der babylonischen und assyrischen Kleidung, Berlin 1921    * Reimpell, W., Geschichte der babylonischen und assyrischen Kleidung, Berlin 1921 
   * Renfrew, J. , Cereals Cultivated in Ancient Iraq, BSA 1, 1984, 32-44    * Renfrew, J. , Cereals Cultivated in Ancient Iraq, BSA 1, 1984, 32-44 
-Rivoyre, D. de, vrais arabes et leurs pays. Bagdad et les villes ignorées de l'Euphrate, Paris 1884 +  * Rivoyre, D. de, Les vrais arabes et leurs pays. Bagdad et les villes ignorées de l'Euphrate, Paris 1884 
   * Roaf, M., Paléorient 2, 1974, 501. XXX unvollstaendig    * Roaf, M., Paléorient 2, 1974, 501. XXX unvollstaendig 
   * Robinson, A., The Story of Writing: Alphabets, Hieroglyphs and Pictographs, London 1995    * Robinson, A., The Story of Writing: Alphabets, Hieroglyphs and Pictographs, London 1995 
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   * Safar, F., Mustafa, M. A., Lloyd, S., Eridu, Baghdad 1981    * Safar, F., Mustafa, M. A., Lloyd, S., Eridu, Baghdad 1981 
   * Salonen, A., Die Wasserfahrzeuge in Babylonien nach sumerisch-akkadischen Quellen (mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der 4. Tafel der Serie öAR-ra= Æubullu). Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung, StOr. 8/4, Helsinki 1939    * Salonen, A., Die Wasserfahrzeuge in Babylonien nach sumerisch-akkadischen Quellen (mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der 4. Tafel der Serie öAR-ra= Æubullu). Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung, StOr. 8/4, Helsinki 1939 
-id., Nautica Babyloniaca Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung, StOr. 11/1, Helsinki 1942  +  * id., Nautica Babyloniaca Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung, StOr. 11/1, Helsinki 1942  
-id., Die Fischerei im alten Mesopotamien nach sumerisch-akkadischen Quellen, AASF B166, Helsinki 1970 +  * id., Die Fischerei im alten Mesopotamien nach sumerisch-akkadischen Quellen, AASF B166, Helsinki 1970 
   * Sampson, G., Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Palo Alto 1984    * Sampson, G., Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Palo Alto 1984 
-Scheil, V., Textes élamites-sémitiques, MDP 2, Paris 1900  +  * Scheil, V., Textes élamites-sémitiques, MDP 2, Paris 1900  
-id., Documents en écriture proto-élamite, MDP 6, Paris 1905  +  * id., Documents en écriture proto-élamite, MDP 6, Paris 1905  
-id., Tablettes pictographiques, RA 26, 1929, 15-17 +  * id., Tablettes pictographiques, RA 26, 1929, 15-17 
   * Schmandt-Besserat, D., The Use of Clay Before Pottery in the Zagros, Expedition 16/2, 1974, 11-17    * Schmandt-Besserat, D., The Use of Clay Before Pottery in the Zagros, Expedition 16/2, 1974, 11-17 
-id., An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 1/2, 1977, 31-70  +  * id., An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 1/2, 1977, 31-70  
-id., The Envelopes that Bear the First Writing, Technology and Culture 21, 1980, 357-385  +  * id., The Envelopes that Bear the First Writing, Technology and Culture 21, 1980, 357-385  
-id., From Tokens to Tablets: A Re-evaluation of the So-called "Numerical tablets", Visible Language 15, 1981, 321-344  +  * id., From Tokens to Tablets: A Re-evaluation of the So-called "Numerical tablets", Visible Language 15, 1981, 321-344  
-id., Before Numerals, Visible Language 18, 1984, 48-60  +  * id., Before Numerals, Visible Language 18, 1984, 48-60  
-id., The Origins of Writing: An Archaeologist's Perspective, Written Communication 3, 1986, 31-45  +  * id., The Origins of Writing: An Archaeologist's Perspective, Written Communication 3, 1986, 31-45  
-id., Tokens at Susa, OrAnt. 25, 1986, 93-125 + plts. IV-X  +  * id., Tokens at Susa, OrAnt. 25, 1986, 93-125 + plts. IV-X  
-id., Before Writing, Austin 1992 +  * id., Before Writing, Austin 1992 
   * Schretter, M., Sumerische Phonologie: Zu Konsonantenverbindungen und Silbenstruktur, Acta Orientalia 54, 1993, 7-30    * Schretter, M., Sumerische Phonologie: Zu Konsonantenverbindungen und Silbenstruktur, Acta Orientalia 54, 1993, 7-30 
   * Selz, G., Review of Hayes, J., A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts, in OLZ 87, 1992, 136-148    * Selz, G., Review of Hayes, J., A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts, in OLZ 87, 1992, 136-148 
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